On Tuesday, Cassidy Hutchinson, a former aide to Trump Chief of Staff Mark Meadows, delivered extraordinary testimony to the House Select Committee about Trump's actions on January 6, 2021. Legal experts told Popular Information that Hutchinson's testimony meaningfully increases the chances that Trump could be criminally charged and convicted for his conduct. 

That is not to say successfully prosecuting Trump would be easy or that such charges are imminent. Under the law, much of what we know about Trump's conduct is presumptively protected political speech under the First Amendment. Overcoming that presumption requires evidence about Trump's intent that is typically not available. There is a reason why, in the history of the United States, no former president has ever been criminally charged. 

But Hutchinson's dramatic testimony suggests that prosecutors may be able to meet their burden of proof. Based on what we learned Tuesday, these are the criminal charges that are potentially applicable to Trump. 

Solicitation to commit a crime of violence (18 U.S. Code § 373)

A person who "solicits, commands, induces, or otherwise endeavors to persuade" another person to commit to "engage in conduct constituting a felony" involving "use of physical force against property or against the person" violates federal law. 

Popular Information spoke with Renato Mariotti, a former federal prosecutor, and Matthew Miller, a former official at the Department of Justice. Both agree that this is the most likely criminal charge against Trump. 

The standard for convicting someone under this statue, however, is quite high. The Supreme Court case of Brandenburg v. Ohio found that, in many situations, speech advocating for illegal acts is protected under the First Amendment. Speech advocating violence can only constitute a crime if:

1. It is "directed at inciting or producing imminent lawless action," and

2. It is "likely to incite or produce such action"

In Brandenburg, the Supreme Court found a KKK leader could not be convicted for a speech suggesting it is "possible that there might have to be some revengeance taken" if the government "continues to suppress the white, Caucasian race." While the KKK leader's conduct was repugnant, the broad protections the courts afford to political speech is a central component of American democracy. 

Trump's speech on January 6 had numerous violent elements. "We fight like hell," Trump said to the crowd on the Ellipse in Washington, DC. "And if you don't fight like hell, you're not going to have a country anymore." Trump also told the crowd that "we're going to walk down to the Capitol" and "demand that Congress do the right thing." He stressed that "you'll never take back our country with weakness. You have to show strength and you have to be strong." 

Trump never made it to the Capitol but the crowd followed his instructions and marched on the Capitol. Many of them committed acts of violence. It was always clear that Trump was morally responsible for the events of January 6, which were all based on Trump's lies about election fraud. But prior to Tuesday's testimony, under the Brandenberg standard, the known facts made it unlikely that Trump could be held legally responsible under the theory of inciting violence. 

Hutchinson's testimony changed things. She was with Trump and other aides backstage before the speech. Hutchinson said that Trump was very angry that the area set aside for the crowd was not full. Trump was told that the reason the area wasn't full was that many people in the mob were armed and did not want to go through the magnetometers that Trump's security team had set up on the perimeter. 

"I don’t F-ing care that they have weapons," Trump said, according to Hutchinson. "They’re not here to hurt me. Take the F-ing mags away. Let my people in. They can march to the Capitol from here." 

January 6th Committee @January6thCmte

Trump was furious the Secret Service was screening people at his rally for weapons. "They're not here to hurt me. Take the F'ing mags away. Let my people in. They can march to the Capitol from here."

June 28th 2022

5,894 Retweets16,239 Likes

So there is now evidence that Trump knew that many people in the crowd were armed and intended to hurt people. And that he directed to those people to march to the U.S. Capitol. That evidence makes it conceivable for prosecutors to prove that Trump's words were "directed at inciting or producing imminent lawless action" and "likely to incite or produce such action." In other words, Trump intended to incite the armed mob to violence. 

Trump's defenders dismissed Hutchinson's testimony as hearsay. 

House Judiciary GOP @JudiciaryGOP

It’s literally all hearsay evidence. What a joke.

June 28th 2022

1,295 Retweets8,191 Likes

But under Federal Rule of Evidence 801(d)(2), if Trump was charged, Hutchinson's testimony about what she heard Trump say would be a "statement… offered against an opposing party" and not hearsay. 

Trump's lawyers would likely point to the part of his speech where Trump tells the crowd to "peacefully and patriotically make your voices heard." But Trump's knowledge that the crowd was armed, along with the violent rhetoric he used throughout the speech, undermines his claim that those seven words constitute his true intent.

Hutchinson also testified that Trump was adamant about joining the mob at the Capitol building. "I’m the ‘effing’ president, take me up to the Capitol now!," Trump allegedly said. At one point, according to Hutchinson, Trump grabbed the wheel of the presidential limousine and, when that was unsuccessful "lunged at a Secret Service agent in a rage." 

January 6th Committee @January6thCmte

"I’m the F’ing President. Take me up to the Capitol now."

June 28th 2022

3,800 Retweets11,108 Likes

This, according to Mariotti, could also go toward proving Trump's intent. Trump did not intend to simply give a speech and go back to the White House and tweet. Trump was intent on going to the Capitol and joining the crowd, which he knew to be armed and dangerous. 

Hutchinson heard about Trump's conduct in the limousine through another aide, Tony Ornato, so that portion of her testimony is hearsay. But in a criminal trial, prosecutors could subpoena Ornato (or someone else in the limo) or seek to admit Hutchinson's testimony under an exception to the hearsay rules. 

Obstruction of Congress (18 U.S. Code § 1505)

"Whoever corruptly, or by threats or force, or by any threatening letter or communication influences, obstructs, or impedes or endeavors to influence, obstruct, or impede the due and proper administration of" Congress, violates federal law. 

On January 6, a violent mob impeded Congress' efforts to certify the Electoral College vote. Whether or not Trump is criminally responsible for that hinges, in part, on whether he incited the violence. If Trump intentionally incited the violent mob, it is much easier to argue he was involved in the obstruction. 

Hutchinson's testimony that Trump knew the crowd was armed and that he intended to join them at the Capitol is again relevant. This charge is slightly harder to prove because, in addition to demonstrating that Trump incited them to violence, prosecutors would also have to prove that he intended for the violence to obstruct Congress' work. It's a substantial challenge but it's a case that is much easier to prove with Hutchinson's testimony. 

Other potential charges

Other potential charges against Trump include seditious conspiracy (18 U.S. Code § 2384) and conspiracy to defraud the United States (18 U.S. Code § 371). Conspiracy, however, requires corrupt intent. That means, according to Mariotti, that prosecutors would likely need to prove that Trump knew that his claims of election fraud were false but pursued actions to maintain his office anyway. There was evidence presented in earlier hearings that Trump was told by advisors that his theories of fraud were meritless. But whether Trump accepted what he was being told is another issue. Evidence of Trump's state of mind about the fraud claims could be provided by other witnesses but was beyond the scope of Hutchinson's testimony. 

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