🗞 What's New: Easy PR strategies for startups

Also: Boost visibility and sales!  ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌

View in browser

Indie Hackers
PRESENTED BY
Advertiser
Launching a new website? - **Get a jump on SEO by integrating** keywords naturally into your content. Also, ensure that your URLs are short and descriptive. - **Boost your visibility and sales** by posting about your failures and successes, no matter

Launching a new website?

  • Get a jump on SEO by integrating keywords naturally into your content. Also, ensure that your URLs are short and descriptive.
  • Boost your visibility and sales by posting about your failures and successes, no matter how big or small.
  • From zero to MVP in 48 hours. Philip Nguyen used technologies he already knew to build fast, while juggling a full-time job and a baby.

Want your product seen by over 90,000 founders and businesses? Sponsor an issue of the Indie Hackers newsletter. Choose between 3 affordable tiers that can fit almost any budget.

Kickstarting SEO 💻

COVER IMAGE

by Tuiddy

Here are some essential steps and strategies to get started with SEO for your new website!

1. Keyword research

Keywords are the cornerstone of SEO. By researching and selecting the right keywords for your content, you can attract your target audience more effectively. Here’s how to conduct effective keyword research:

  • Tools: Utilize tools like Google Keyword Planner, Ahrefs, or Semrush to find high-volume, low-competition keywords related to your industry.
  • Analyze competitors: Check out which keywords your competitors are targeting, and analyze which ones are most effective for them.
  • Long-tail keywords: These are more specific phrases that have lower search volumes, but higher conversion rates.

2. Content creation

Search engines favor content that provides value and solves user problems. Here are some tips for creating engaging content:

  • Be original and useful: Craft original, helpful content that answers user's questions, or meets their needs.
  • Keyword optimization: Integrate keywords naturally into your content, but avoid keyword stuffing.
  • Regular updates: Keep your content fresh and relevant. Regularly updating or adding new content can improve your website’s ranking.

3. Website structure and technical SEO

The structure and technical aspects of your website are important, as they affect how search engines crawl and index your site. Key points to consider include:

  • URL structure: Ensure that your URLs are short, descriptive, and include keywords.
  • Responsive design: Your site should perform well across all devices, especially on mobile.
  • Load speed: Optimize images, use caching, and employ a content delivery network (CDN) to enhance site speed.

4. On-page SEO

Each page on your site should be carefully optimized to rank higher in search engine results:

  • Title tags: Use descriptive title tags that include your main keywords.
  • Meta descriptions: Write compelling meta descriptions that appear in search results and attract users.
  • Internal linking: Add internal links to help search engines understand your site’s structure, and make navigation easier for users.
  • Image optimization: Use ALT tags to describe images, and optimize image file names for better search visibility.

5. Off-page SEO and link building

Off-page SEO involves building backlinks from other websites to yours. These backlinks are crucial for establishing your site’s authority. Here’s how to build high-quality backlinks:

  • Content marketing: Create shareable, cite-worthy content, including blog posts, research reports, and infographics.
  • Social media promotion: Use social media platforms to promote your content.
  • Collaborations and partnerships: Partner with other sites or blogs to exchange links or write guest posts.

6. Monitoring and analytics

SEO is an ongoing process that requires constant monitoring and adjustment. Use analytics tools to track your website’s performance!

Discuss this story.

Keep Your Customer Orders Afloat 🏖️

COVER IMAGE DESCRIPTION

This issue is sponsored by Portless

The average shipping time for a container from China to the US right now is 52 days.

Who has time for that?

As the summer and back-to-school seasons quickly approach, each day without your inventory becomes even more crucial.

With Portless, you can ship your orders from China in just six days, replenish your bestselling items within 3-5 days, and easily tap into trending items. Never miss out on popular products again.

Contact us today for 20% off your pick-and-pack fees during your first three months! This summer, the only thing that should be floating on the water is you, not your inventory.

Boosting Visibility and Sales 💰

COVER IMAGE

by Farid Shukurov

In December, we graduated from a startup accelerator with our product, JustBeepIt. We had no marketing budget and no sales.

Below is a list of all the free ways we used to grow our visibility and sales from zero to $35K!

Product Hunt launch

We took this very seriously, and started preparing four weeks in advance. Our strategy was to grow our mailing list to 3K-4K people, who we would then email and DM on launch day.

That strategy was successful, and we hit the number one spot. I wrote more about our strategy on Medium.

Indie Hackers, Reddit, and Medium

I developed a strategy for writing posts called "Infinite Marketing Glitch." The idea is simple: Every time we have a success, regardless of how big or small, I would make a post out of it.

Examples: "Our first 100 users," "Our first sale," "Getting first spot on Product Hunt," etc. Many posts would go viral. I even hit the home page of Indie Hackers!

Actively posting on LinkedIn and X

This is a simple strategy that many founders miss: Just post about your company.

I post about our product at least five times a week, talking about our failures and successes. This currently brings in nearly 40% of our overall traffic.

LinkedIn is especially good if your product is B2B, while X is great for finding first time users. By posting about our company, I brought thousands of people to our landing page, and grew my X account from 100 to 2K+ followers.

AppSumo Select

This was the last step in our strategy. You are probably aware of AppSumo, but do you know about AppSumo Select? If you get into that program, the company pays for your ads. This was good for us, since we had no marketing budget.

To be accepted into the program, there needs to be something unique about your product. We were also most likely accepted because of our Product Hunt results, and tons of good feedback.

With all that said, last month, JustBeepIt brought in $12K (bringing us to $35K in total sales) by doing the things I described here!

Discuss this story.

In the News 📰

Photo: In the News

from the Growth Trends newsletter

📰 LinkedIn adds new elements to its newsletter creation platform.

📱 Shopping, payments, and customer service on WhatsApp.

💲 Link to your product here. Our most affordable ad.

💡 How to make an 8.5 idea a 9.5 idea.

🎯 Three zero-click content tactics.

🎡 Regional theme parks are having a renaissance.

Check out Growth Trends for more curated news items focused on user acquisition and new product ideas.

Building Fast and Enjoying It 🤩

COVER IMAGE

by Philip Nguyen

I spent 48 hours coding an MVP for my form builder, Rocket Form. I have a full-time job as a senior software engineer at a fast-paced startup. After putting my baby to sleep each night, I found that I still had two hours of free time.

Given the short amount of time I had each night, I want to share the technologies that allowed me to code less, but do more.

The overview

To be as productive as possible, I used technologies that I was either intimately familiar with, or had some experience with. That helped me dive into them more quickly.

They also had to be technologies that I knew I would enjoy using, to avoid burnout. The stack I ended up utilizing was Ruby on Rails, Hotwire, Stimulus, and plain JS.

The deep dive

The technologies that I chose allowed me to move fast for these reasons:

  1. Ruby on Rails: It's still one of the best fullstack frameworks for going from idea to MVP in a short amount of time. It comes with the nuts and bolts included, so I was able to write less boilerplate code and focus on the features.

  2. Proficiency: I'm proficient in Ruby on Rails, making it a no-brainer. Honestly, you'll be more productive with whatever framework you're most proficient in.

  3. Hotwire: It allowed me to give users a single-page app experience without having to write large amounts of frontend code on top of the backend code. In a traditional SPA, you have a separation of frontend and backend applications, but as a solo developer, I didn't want to deal with two separate applications. Hotwire server-side renders a section of the HTML, and automatically stitches that section into the larger HTML document for me.

  4. Simplified frontend: With Hotwire handling the SPA work, there was no need to utilize more dedicated frontend frameworks, like AngularJS or React. For occasional HTML manipulation, I reserved plain old JS or Stimulus.

The editor

Since Rocket Form is a form builder, a large part of it is the form editor. I decided to adapt an open source block editor, Editor.js, for that. It's the only open source block editor I found that's built with plain JS.

Adapting it, and creating custom block components, was surprisingly easy! This was largely thanks to the excellent documentation created by the Editor.js team.

I bought a bootstrap template from Creative Tim, taking advantage of their beautiful dashboards. That allowed me to spend less time designing and styling. Then, I had a logo made on Fiverr.

Wrapping up

Currently, I can count the number of users on both hands, but I’m starting to get several new signups per day!

There are a lot of other form builders out there, but honestly, I am just having fun making this! I put a lot of effort into the UI and live rendering preview of the form, and I hope I’ll be able to carve out a small market including the people that enjoy this particular experience.

Discuss this story.

The Tweetmaster's Pick 🐦

Cover image for Tweetmaster's Pick

by Tweetmaster Flex

I post the tweets indie hackers share the most. Here's today's pick:

Enjoy This Newsletter? 🏁

Forward it to a friend, and let them know they can subscribe here.

Also, you can submit a section for us to include in a future newsletter.

Special thanks to Jay Avery for editing this issue, to Gabriella Federico for the illustrations, and to Tuiddy, Darko, Farid Shukurov, and Philip Nguyen for contributing posts. —Channing

Indie Hackers | Stripe | 120 Westlake Avenue N, Seattle, Washington 98109 
You're subscribed to the Indie Hackers Newsletter. Click here to unsubscribe.

Older messages

🗞 What's New: How to create good content

Saturday, June 15, 2024

Also: War room wisdom for founders! ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌

🗞 What's New: How to create good content

Saturday, June 15, 2024

Also: War room wisdom for founders! ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌

🗞 What's New: Conducting market research for your SaaS

Thursday, June 13, 2024

Also: Email marketing tactics! ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌

🗞 What's New: Crafting an irresistible CTA

Tuesday, June 11, 2024

Also: AI's impact on work! ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌

🗞 What's New: How to build an MVP

Saturday, June 8, 2024

Also: How to stop chasing "enough!" ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌

You Might Also Like

top strategy research of 2024

Monday, December 23, 2024

every billion-dollar startup around the globe, tech that will change the world, and the strategy team playbook CB-Insights-Logo-light copy Our top strategy research of 2024 Highlights: Every billion-

🦄 Operating system for events

Monday, December 23, 2024

Flite streamlines and automates the event management process. ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌

11 Silicon Valley Startups Raised $10.2 Billion - Week of December 23, 2024

Monday, December 23, 2024

🤓 AI's Biggest Annual Event: NeurIPS 💰 Predictions: US to Establish Bitcoin Reserve 💰 Bankless Crypto 2025 Predictions 🎮 Is Extended Reality (XR) Still Happening?💰 Tough Time for Non-AI Startups ͏

The Best Investing Advice

Monday, December 23, 2024

50 pieces of wisdom from some of the world's best investors ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏

Wishing you a Happy Holidays from Sifted

Monday, December 23, 2024

View this email in your browser. Sifted 250 Coming Soon... (6) Hello there, As the festive season approaches, we at Sifted want to take a moment to thank you for being part of our growing community.

 7️⃣ 𝟕 𝐃𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐭𝐨 𝐆𝐨: 𝐉𝐨𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝟎,𝟎𝟎𝟎+ 𝐎𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐁𝐮𝐢𝐥𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐘𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐃𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐦 𝐁𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬𝐬

Monday, December 23, 2024

15 courses, 7 days, left — learn the skills to launch, scale, and dominate in 2025. fdrlogo Hey Friend , You asked, and we delivered—Foundr's most popular and best-selling holiday promo is back for

Germany leapfrogs France in 2024

Monday, December 23, 2024

Plus: UK tech in review; 1Komma5's €150m pre-IPO raise View in browser Sponsor Card - Up Round-34 Good morning there, It's been a pretty good year when it comes to debt funding in Europe.

📸 How David Lieb Built Google Photos

Sunday, December 22, 2024

Dave's story is all about perseverance. From multiple pivots, to beating cancer, he's had quite the journey. This Week at YC December 22nd, 2024 ✨ The Latest Happy holidays from the YC team!

#211 | The Next Standard Oil, AI SDRs, Four Futures, & more

Sunday, December 22, 2024

Dec 22nd | The latest from IVP, Madrona, Khosla Ventures, Sapphire, USV, and others ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏

This might be the simplest $12K/month app ever

Sunday, December 22, 2024

Starter Story Sunday Breakfast ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏