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(looking for all this “crypto regulation” people talk about)

Before the holidays, I was catching up on some articles by possibly my favorite economist, Tyler Cowen. While TC wasn’t a big part of my initial crypto-education “onboarding”, it was writings and analysis by folks like him–investors, economists–who were my early tutors in understanding the crypto world.

One article of his in particular covered the dangers of crypto regulation, and the topic has been stewing in my mind ever since, especially as we roll into a fresh tax season. And a new Bankless pod just dropped with him as the guest and regulation as the topic; that’s like catnip for me tbh.

Whatever your take on crypto regulation, it’s hard to argue that so far, the conversations have been pretty myopic. 

So much of the noise we call a discussion on crypto regulation falls on a spectrum between “regulation bad” and “crypto bad”, with the centrist take being, “just get it over with so we don’t have to keep guessing where the lines are”.

But for all the talk about crypto regulation after a wild year in the industry, nobody is actually doing too much about new regulations for crypto. 

Babies and bathwater

With a quick search, you can easily find nine countries documented to have officially banned crypto.

“Sounds like regulating crypto to me,” you might think, and you’d be right.

But the regulations never apply to just crypto. 

In crypto for the real world, I suggest that “crypto” is an unfortunate umbrella term that places far too much implied emphasis on tokens as investable assets. I’ve heard folks in the industry talking about wanting to reclaim the term, to hearken back to the halcyon early days, and distance us from the “web3” jargon that has dominated the lingo for the past couple of years. I tend to like something much more generalized, like “digital assets” but that, too, probably isn’t right.

Like most of you probably do, I agree with sensible regulation of crypto. Blame it on my TradFi background, but I believe regulation designed to protect against systemic financial risk is a good thing. I was front-and-center at a bulge bracket bank as the GFC in 2007+ was starting to wreak havoc, and in my early economics training I read about massive blow ups like LTCM in the late 90s. I’m in on avoiding stuff like that happening too often (or ever), and typically regulation to keep things in check is often a good idea.

But the financial industry we call crypto is just one application of blockchains and tokens. When we fail to recognize a distinction, broad swaths of quasi- and non-financial applications of the tech get lumped in with hyper-financialized crypto products in regulatory decisions. 

Crypto. Rules. Everything. Around. Me. ($)

To be fair, the bulk of the early products (and “products”) we've seen so far in the industry have been financial. After all, “cash rules everything”. Think of the biggest crypto companies you’ve heard of today: they’re probably an exchange, or maybe an investment fund.

But blockchain-based tech has application potential across a range of industries, and I believe the financial products will eventually take a back seat to other uses. Or, at least, not stand alone as the sole output of the technology. 

So, any regulation that assumes crypto/digital assets for Web3 is shortsighted, and gets in the way of experimenting with new applications, such as in DAOs and governance, gaming, digital identity, social networks, tech and data infrastructure, etc.

Take DAOs, for example. Should governance tokens be considered assets, and taxed accordingly? 

Well, would you pay a tax to vote in your country? If I’m remembering my history correctly, poll taxes have been a major source of discontent amongst various groups of people. Maybe not a great idea for crypto.

But Web3 is different. Many DAOs have liquid governance tokens you can buy and sell, which is where things get tricky. It may be possible to interpret a governance token you can sell either as a utility token, or an asset.

(For ‘legal reasons’, the above meme is not financial advice. Just educational commentary on utility tokens.)

What about NFTs? NFTs have non-financial use cases, especially in social contexts around membership, role, or admission. And yet, like nearly all products in a capitalist economic paradigm, they tend to involve some form of monetary exchange or another.

Say you buy an NFT ticket to a Taylor Swift concert, and it happens to be the last one. Suddenly, the price of tickets skyrockets, so you decide to sell yours and use the cash to buy your grandmother the ski lessons she’s always wanted.

Should the NFT ticket sale be taxed differently than any other ticket sale in which you make a profit? 

With poorly-scoped regulation, it might be. But that would be like taxing people differently depending on whether they pay with cash or a debit card.

Now, what if you made a different decision? Instead of the ski lessons, you buy a Bored Ape. 

You then stake that Bored Ape to earn yield, paid in $APE token.

Is earning yield on an NFT even legal in your jurisdiction? Is it gaming? Gambling? What is $APE even classified as?

(If any of this sounds like your recent, er, Web3 activity, bring your tax professional some coffee and flowers this season.)

The point is, Web3 is complicated, and it gets more exponentially so every year. 

Regulating tech vs regulating context

When I hear “Code is law”, my brain has two thoughts. 

First, a part of me thinks, “that’s not literally true”. Obviously. But then again, code isn’t subject to the whims of any particular person’s mood that day, or whether or not they took a walk that day, or whether they got enough sleep last night. As Eric Voorhees recently said on the Bankless pod–and I’m paraphrasing–the code as built just runs, as long as there is power and activity on the chain. Pretty cool. 

And second, I realize that if web3 is complicated, this might just be the key to simplifying it enough to regulate it well.

You can’t regulate code. It’s a logistical nightmare, because anyone with a computer can create it (and open source it globally in seconds — Tornado Cash still exists).

So regulating code isn’t the answer. 

But you can regulate what we do with it.

I don’t know what the right approach to regulation is, but I do know it’s one that considers the industry and context in which blockchain and crypto tech are applied. 

You can’t regulate tech in a vacuum. It’s how we use what we build that matters.

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