Good morning! A warm welcome to new readers who subscribed this week. This is The Intersection, the weekend edition of The Signal. Himachal Pradesh is currently facing one of the worst floods in decades, resulting in losses worth ₹10,000 crore (~$1.2 billion). The state has been hit hard by relentless rain and frequent landslides, a consequence of increased human activity and climate change. Sveta Basraon, the writer of today’s piece, belongs to Himachal Pradesh and her sister still lives on the banks of the Beas river, whose angry torrents made headlines for the destruction they wreaked. Sveta recollects what it was like to live in the Himalayan foothills when the rivers were playful and life unfolded to a gentler rhythm. Plus, we've shared a list of long reads for you.

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Sitting in Noida, my family has been closely watching the shocking news pouring in from my home state Himachal Pradesh. Of the incessant rains, flash floods and destruction in Mandi, Kullu, Shimla, and more. The death toll has climbed to 71. There were horrifying videos of houses falling and being swept away; of railway tracks suspended in air as the rain washed away the soil. Chief minister Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu has estimated the loss at ₹10,000 crore and said it will take a year for the state to rebuild.

And then three days ago, my sister sent us videos and photos of the Beas in spate, close to her home. This is from a part of Himachal that is lashed by rain but was spared a calamity. Those images shocked us out of our guilt-laden thankfulness that “our” regions had been “spared”.

In all the years that I’ve visited my sister, I’ve never seen the river in this raging avatar. It is usually a blue ribbon, about a quarter the width that you see in the photo at the top. The remaining area was the exposed riverbed, where I used to look for colourful smooth pebbles as a teen. In the rains, the river does swell up, and it’s a local attraction to come view it from the bridge. No one in living memory has seen this form of the river, my brother-in-law tells me.

In his younger days, he could swim across even though the current was swift. My dad too has swum in the river. But now the raging river will sweep away anything—trees, cattle, people. As an orange alert was declared, there were policemen stationed at the bridge, to stop pedestrians and prevent cars from halting on the bridge. Most homes here are at a safe height, but some villagers had their cowsheds in low lying areas. These were flooded, with cows stuck in knee deep water and no way to rescue them last I heard.

My village in Hamirpur district, close to the border with Mandi district, and my sister’s town on the northern border with Kangra district, are not places that you’d hear about in the national news. They are ordinary places in the foothills of the Himalayas, and are not on the tourist map.

Not much happens in the village that’s out of the ordinary. And the same goes for my sister who lives near Nadaun—a historical town mentioned in Sufi poet Bulleh Shah’s poem “Bulla Ki Janna Mein Kaun”.

But all that’s been changing over the past few years.

For the first time ever, my sister’s mango orchard has not a single mango, as all the flowers fell during the unseasonal rains earlier this year.

Climate change has had other mystifying effects. Last year in March, there were stories of houses in Bilaspur and several other areas that had water seeping out of the walls even though there had been no rain. Scientists said it was due to a severe winter and then a sudden rise in temperature.

A change in beat

In my village, change has taken a slightly different shape. As a kid visiting during school summer vacations, I recall there was no electricity. The closest road was on the hill across the khad (shallow ravine or seasonal stream); a party of cousins and uncles would come to pick us up, with some helping us carry our luggage on the hike back to the village.

In the 1970s, my cousins used to study by the light of a homemade kerosene lamp. They did their homework on a wooden board called patti coated with a limestone wash. They’d grind their own ink, and used pens carved from bamboo. After school, they’d wash the board, put a fresh layer of the limestone wash, and do the day’s homework. The pace of life was dictated by the sowing season.

All that started to change in the 1980s. First there was electricity. Then a road. People started building houses along the road, which now has a bus that comes by in the morning and returns in the evening. Most people have a car or a bike, and most youngsters prefer a job to the farm.

What that means is that while life is easier, an entire way of life is vanishing. There’s less farming, and no one keeps cattle, save a cow or two, so there’s less need to get fodder. As a result, the jungle is slowly creeping into the village. It’s lovely and green everywhere, but I am not entirely sure whether that’s a good thing or a bad thing. Some old pathways into the hills have been completely overtaken by vegetation and no one sees any merit trying to hack the trails clear. On our last visit, in January this year, my father remarked that there were no stray dogs. My uncle shrugged and said “mirg ne kha liye” (mountain leopards got them). A couple of days ago when my dad called to check on everyone, he reported that wild pigs had entered the village, so everyone was out in the rain trying to chase them away.

There was a time in my childhood when all the men and kids slept on charpais in the courtyard on summer nights, and the women slept on the upstairs verandas. Out under the stars, it was cold enough in the summer to require a light quilt. I don’t see any of that happening any more, for many years now.

In the traditional houses built of sun dried bricks, timber and with slate roofs, the room in the centre is cool even in the hottest summer. No one had a fan. And in winter the whole family would gather around the woodfire stove in the large kitchen. Now, as people move to concrete houses, fans are ubiquitous. In the towns, like my sister’s, many have air conditioners.

And then there’s the growing garbage problem, even though the village is tiny with some 30 families. Plastic wrappers and all kinds of rubbish finds its way down this one gully that has become the dumping ground. You no longer can find the traditional pattal—a plate constructed with big round leaves sewn together with thin twigs—for the Himachali Dham, a traditional feast that Pahadis hold for any big occasion, be it a wedding, a kid starting school or college, even as thanksgiving for getting the bounty of a provident fund on retirement. It is plastic or paper plates and that too find their way into that garbage dump.

Stranded but safe

Living in a fragile mountain region comes with its share of risks, especially in the higher mountains. It is a hard terrain and always in the shadow of a natural disaster—avalanche in winter, landslide in the rain, and in some parts in the outer Himalayas, water scarcity in summer. Yet the people accept that with grace.

I had a chance to see this at close hand in the summer of 1999. We were high in the mountains in rural Chamba, in a village called Ranuh Kothi—named so because the Ranuh (king) had a hunting lodge close by. It had rained all night, though we were oblivious to the din of rain falling over the slate roof and the destruction. We slept through it all.

We woke up to a rain-washed morning, the sound of the rain indistinguishable from the “noise” of a waterfall a few dozen feet away. And to the news that large sections of the road had disappeared in landslides through the night.

We were stranded. The rain and landslides had also taken out the electricity. Though, we were lucky to be safe where we were, with enough food to see us through the week that we were stuck, disconnected in every way from the rest of the world.

My brother, a then 13-year-old nephew, and I were going to surprise my brother-in-law who was posted as headmaster at Ranuh Kothi school and was tasked with upgrading the school to higher secondary level.

We’d reached there the previous evening after an arduous day’s journey. A five-six-hour bus ride from Nadaun to Chamba city. Another two-hour bus ride from Chamba had brought us part of the way. The tea-shop owner where we alighted suggested we hitch a ride as it was a long trek. So, we hitched a ride with the only vehicle going our way—the only vehicle, period. A small lorry loaded with logs. While I got a seat in the driver’s cabin, my brother and nephew perched atop the logs at the back. The road was just wide enough for the lorry, with one side a cliff wall and the other a sheer drop into the Ravi River tumbling several feet below. At every curve in the road, the lorry was almost on the edge of that fall, and a few pebbles would dislodge and fall away.

Twenty minutes into the ride, there were loud panicked calls to stop and let us off. The driver stopped just before an old hanging bridge across a mountain stream. And out fell three ashen passengers—two of them on rubber legs. I can only imagine what it must have felt like to get an unrestricted view of the gorge as the lorry swayed close to the edge every few minutes.

We preferred to trek the rest of the 4-5 km to the school.

It was a slow steep climb for us city folks. Along the way we met a woman herding her goats. Seeing we were strangers and struggling, she slowed her pace to keep us company and guide us. And she kept up an easy chatter about the crops, her goats—and how the red bears came down to raid their fields. (Apparently, if you happen to encounter one, playing dead won’t help much. The bear, it seems, will poke a twig in your ear to check! Or so she said.)

Three hours into our trek, we reached her picturesque village, with what seemed like miles of stone steps serving as the main street. By now she had learnt we were guests of the school headmaster and two young men took our backpacks and escorted us the last few metres.

Over the next two days, with the electricity still out, I raided the school library during the day. And in the evening, by candlelight, the boy from the village who helped my brother-in-law told us folktales and myths.

One that is stuck in my memory even after 24 years is their belief that descendants of a witch live in a certain village across the gorge. The village is the only one in the area that has a temple dedicated to her and, he said, every time someone dies there you can hear the witch howling. The story goes that a witch hunting for food caught a woodcutter in the forest. He pleaded that she should let him get enough firewood first, so his family won’t freeze in winter. She agreed and he somehow trapped her. As a condition for her release, he asked her to marry him (presumably she wouldn’t eat him then!). She agreed but warned that she could stay with him only as long as he didn’t speak to her directly. Many years passed. One winter night, as they were sitting around the kitchen fire, he saw the milk was about to boil over, so he called out to warn her. That broke the spell and she had to return. But since she’d stayed with a human for so long, her punishment would be that she’d have to lead an avalanche, and she died. (The locals believed that avalanches are led by witches howling as a sort of rite of passage.)  

On the third morning, we woke up to silence and feeble sunshine. By now the sound of that waterfall had become white noise for us. When I looked across the gorge, I could see the dark gaps in the road. And when I turned to look at the valley below, the village was obscured by clouds. We were above the clouds.

We had to wait a few more days for the roads to be repaired. As more sunshine greeted us over the next three days, we went on short walks to the village, to the waterfall, to an apple orchard. In every field we came across, we saw small stone tablets with wavy lines carved in—these represented the snake and invariably there were offerings of incense and flowers.

By the sixth morning, the road repair work was well on its way as there had been enough dry days. The school had started as well. By the next day, we’d most likely be able to leave. So, we decided to make the best of our last day here and ventured out further to Chhatrari village on the hill across.

The village takes its name from its 36 water sources. Our local guide and storyteller told us that a sage was meditating and asked his disciple for water. The disciple shot a trishul into the mountain and fountains sprung from the 36 places it struck. Many of them have beautifully carved fountain slabs or panihars.

The village is also famous for an 8th century temple, carved from Deodar wood, dedicated to Shakti, built by King Meru Verman of Bharmour (the ancient capital of Chamba).

In the late afternoon, as we were heading back to the school, my brother and I spotted a shortcut down the mountain. Half way into it, we came across a patch of loose earth and pebbles—the remnants of a landslide going all the way down to the Ravi bounding so many feet below. That patch must have been about 12-feet across. Even as we were deciding whether to cross or to climb up back to the safer, slower road, a woman and a small child came by and crossed the patch effortlessly. My brother went first. When I was crossing, I suddenly felt the earth shift under my feet and froze. A cry went up the mountainside—“Ruko Mat!” (Don’t stop!)

Clearly, I made it safely across and no fresh landslide was caused.

The next day, we trekked back down to the main road and hopped two-three buses to reach Chamba city and onwards. At every stop between buses, we were instructed to keep walking, as there were still loose rocks falling on the road occasionally.

This experience is memorable to me not least because of the man-nature connection I saw everywhere and the glimpses of a gentler, more generous, more trusting way of life. A lorry driver giving a free ride to strangers; a woman slowing her pace to guide us lest we get lost in the mountains; schoolkids greeting us with a “Namaste ji” as we crossed paths; the respect for natural forces—wild bears, snakes, avalanches, landslides.

Much has changed in these 24 years—like in my village. The hanging bridge became a pukka bridge; a jeepable road goes up to the school; and this rural area is not as cut off as before. But nature’s fury only seems to have gotten worse. Can they continue to accept it with grace and treat it as part of their heritage, weaving folk stories around it? Should they be expected to?

Sveta is the editor and head of operations at Founding Fuel and a part of the founding team.

This article was first published in Founding Fuel and is reproduced here with permission.

ICYMI

There and back again: Have you ever bought a pair of shoes in two different sizes and then returned the one that doesn’t fit? Or have you bought 10 different dresses for a wedding and returned nine after trying them on? Now, have you wondered what happens to these returned items? If you’re thinking they go back into regular inventory and are sold again at full price, you’re mistaken. E-commerce changed the way we shop, and also made reverse logistics a booming industry. By one estimate, returned items account for 1.5% of the US GDP. The annual retail value of returned goods in the country is approaching $1 trillion. And this is nothing to be proud of. This piece in The New Yorker dives into the business and consequences of reverse logistics.

A mental prison: Why do we imprison criminals? For some, taking away their freedom is justice for their crimes. For others, prison is a way to reform such people with the hope they can rejoin society someday. But what if the prisoner has forgotten why they’re there? This story in The New York Times describes the plight of prisoners in the US with Alzheimer’s and other forms of dementia. Elderly prisoners are among the fastest growing demographics in America’s prisons. As the dementia progresses, they become vulnerable to violence because they forget prison rules or upset other inmates with actions they have no control over. All this, even as they are denied the care someone with a neurodegenerative disorder needs. Some prisons have begun setting up special units for these inmates, just like Guantanamo Bay, which built a hospice for its ageing prisoners. This is a lot of expensive healthcare merely to lock up people who are already in their own mental prison. If they can no longer remember their crimes, who gets justice from keeping them behind bars?

Squid game: There are two essential qualities the leader of Goldman Sachs, arguably the world’s most disliked bank, should have. He—the bank has never had a woman chair or CEO—should be likeable and he should make money. It’s fine if he is a jerk who makes money. David Solomon, the current chairman and CEO, is universally disliked. Loyal managers and staff have left the organisation even as he jetted away frequently to his Bahamas abode as D-Sol, his DJ avatar at large parties. All of it, including the vicious press scrutiny, would have been forgiven by the bank—once described by Wall Street chronicler Matt Taibbi as “a great vampire squid wrapped around the face of humanity, relentlessly jamming its blood funnel into anything that smells like money”—had the moolah kept coming. This Intelligencer piece argues that more than his personality, the crime of not making tonnes of money is costing Solomon. Although partners are disenchanted, neither the board nor shareholders have found enough reason to boot him out. The joke is that he won the top post as the person who could transform the bank from a dowdy club of old men to a culturally woke institution.

Flip side of the coin: Pig butchering. That is what the scam is called. Quite simply, it begins with an innocuous text message that’s a pretext to begin a conversation. Often flirty and suggestive, the objective of the conversation, usually stretching over several days, is priming the mark for a crypto con. Eventually, the groomed victims end up downloading an app to trade in cryptocurrencies, typically Tether. While unsuspecting victims of the fraud have lost millions of dollars, those on the other side of the text message are worse off. Zeke Faux, who chronicles crypto’s rise and fall in his forthcoming book Number Go Up, traces the messages to young people trapped and kept in inhuman conditions in Chinatown in Cambodia. They are beaten, tortured and drugged to improve productivity. The region is a veritable centre of crime, ranging from kidnapping to money laundering. And cryptocurrencies, particularly Tether, play a central role in lubricating transactions without leaving a trace.

Where are the homes?: Millennials in the US have it tougher than the cohort elsewhere. Baby boomers drove real estate demand in the US in 2023. That's a spot held by millennials since 2014, per the National Association of Realtors. But this is bad news for the “unluckiest generation”. Their buying power is being clobbered by rising interest rates, student debt, and steep childcare costs. They've also witnessed the slowest economic growth of any age group. As a result, first-time home buyers in the US are older, averaging 36 years of age— the oldest on record, according to the National Association of Realtors. This article in The Washington Post highlights their unparalleled struggle.

Cup of woes: It is estimated that approximately three billion cups of coffee are consumed globally on a daily basis. And if the current consumption trend is anything to go by, the number could go up by six billion cups of coffee per day by 2050. But here's the kicker: climate change is coming for the beans. A study by the Columbia Center on Sustainable Investment points out that the world needs to produce 25% more coffee by 2030. That may not be as easy as it sounds. El Niño brings with it the prospects of drier weather and rainfall in coffee-producing countries, which could worsen the already limited supply. Plus, farmers are also bidding goodbye to the industry, what with their harvests witnessing weather patterns, bringing droughts, floods, and more pests and disease. This visual story in Financial Times highlights why the world will produce less coffee (or coffee of a lower quality), making it a luxury item.