Frederick Douglass found happiness in Ireland

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Before the U.S. Civil War, Frederick Douglass was one of the nation’s leading abolitionists fighting against slavery.

Born into enslavement in 1818, Douglass received no formal education. Yet, he became a dazzling orator and prolific writer, thanks in part to his lectures for the American Anti-Slavery Society and the success of his May 1845 autobiography.

Despite his self-proclaimed freedom, Douglass was still at risk of being arrested and returned to enslavement. To escape such degradation, Douglass traveled across the Atlantic in August 1845 to spend time in a place with a rich tradition of fighting to end the trans-Atlantic slave trade — Ireland.

According to Irish history scholar Christine Kinealy of Quinnipiac University, Douglass was an admirer of the Irish nationalist leader Daniel O’Connell, who had played an important role in bringing slavery to an end in the British Empire in 1833.

During his three-month visit, Douglass gave almost 50 lectures throughout the country and referred to his time there as the “happiest” period of his life.

For Douglass, continued resistance in the U.S. was necessary, and he invoked three words that he had learned from O’Connell: “Agitate, agitate, agitate.”

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Howard Manly

Race + Equity Editor

Born into slavery, Frederick Douglass became one of the leading abolitionists in America. Bettmann/Getty Images

What Frederick Douglass learned from an Irish antislavery activist: ‘Agitate, agitate, agitate’

Christine Kinealy, Quinnipiac University

Frederick Douglass was introduced to the idea of universal human rights after traveling to Ireland and meeting with Irish nationalist leaders.

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