Hi friends 👋,

Happy Friday and welcome back to our 67th Weekly Dose of Optimism.

It’s a big weekend here in NYC — Marathon weekend. I like to think of marathons as optimistic endeavors — displaying human potential, our ability to overcome obstacles, and to delay instant gratification in favor of longer-term personal growth. You don’t meet too many pessimistic marathon runners. Good luck to all runners this weekend, with a special s/o to my girlfriend Sienna ❤️.

Let’s get to it.

Today’s Not Boring is brought to you by… Age of Miracles

Packy here. Instead of a sponsor, I’m going to pump our new podcast: Age of Miracles. Our first season is on nuclear energy, and the combination of innovation and nitty gritty it’s going to take to build an energy abundant future. We just released Episode 3 minutes ago.

You can listen to it on Apple, Spotify, or wherever you listen to podcasts, or watch it on YouTube.

Thanks to all of you who listened, commented, liked, subscribed, reviewed, shared, and gave us feedback on our first two episodes! We climbed as high as #12 on the top tech podcast charts, which beat my expectations for Week 1. Let’s keep it going and break the top 10.

Episode three is all about what it’s going to take to build more large reactors more affordably and predictably. We cover how nuclear plants work, their economics, why their Idiot Index is so high, and the steps we might take to improve their economics. We cover everything from cost overrun insurance to psyops, debate whether government or the free market has a bigger role to play, and try to answer the question of what it would take to bring large nuclear plants down the experience curve.

For those who want to go deeper, we put together a Nuclear Resource Guide that we’re updating each episode, with links to articles, podcasts, videos, and more.

I want to give a big shoutout and congrats to my co-host, Julia DeWahl. The company she co-founded, Antares, came out of stealth and announced an $8 million seed this week. Their vision: abundant clean energy for all, from earth to the asteroid belt. You’ll hear a little more about what they’re building on Episode 5.

Listen to Age of Miracles E3

(1) World's smallest particle accelerator is 54 million times smaller than the Large Hadron Collider — and it works

Harry Baker for Space.com

"The dream application would be to place a particle accelerator on an endoscope in order to be able to administer radiotherapy directly at the affected area within the body,"

OK, you probably didn’t expect Mini-Me humping a laser to start off the newsletter, but let me explain…Scientists have activated the world's smallest particle accelerator, a nanophotonic electron accelerator (NEA), which is the size of a coin and accelerates electrons using mini laser beams aimed at "pillars" within a microchip. Anytime I hear mini and lasers in the same sentence, my mind goes to the image above…sue me.

The NEA is 54 million time smaller than the 16.8-mile-long Large Hadron Collider at CERN. It fits within a microchip and boasts a main acceleration tube only 0.02 inches long.

The NEA has wide range of potential applications, including putting particle accelerators inside human patients. For example, a tiny NEA could be placed on an endoscope to better administer precise radiotherapy for cancer patients. That’s the main goal of the research, but who knows what else those crazy scientists will dream up once we have the ability to put particle accelerators inside of humans. Accelerate, indeed.

(2) This Pulsing DNA Nanomotor Can Power Molecular Machines

Prachi Patel for IEEE Spectrum

Famulok’s vision is to use the pulsing nanomotor to drive several DNA origami machines “in a sort of molecular assembly line” that could build complex chemicals such as artificial proteins, or drive chemical reactions that are otherwise difficult to achieve.

Speaking of tiny machines inside of our body… an international team of researchers have developed a DNA nanoengine that can perform pulsing movements, driving nanomaters with chemical energy instead of random Brownian motion. It’s an example of DNA origami, which “involves carefully designing DNA sequences that can fold, twist, and staple together at the right places to assemble into preconceived structures.”

On Tuesday, Elliot took us on a tour of the mindblowing world of cell-based therapy. He wrote about “engineering a patient’s own immune cells to cure cancer, reprogramming cells and tissues to a younger and healthier state as we age, designing bacteria in our gut to pump out GLP-1 molecules when we eat too much, and curing diabetes with a single infusion of cells instead of countless infusions of insulin.”

DNA nanomachines are another avenue for making changes inside our body, and in the physical world. The researchers think that their pulsing nanometer should be easy to connect to other tiny molecular machines, driving them as they construct medicines and electronics.

DNA origami nanoengines that can make things … what a world.

(3) First plasma fired up at world’s largest fusion reactor

Dennis Normile for Science

The long trek toward practical fusion energy passed a milestone last week when the world’s newest and largest fusion reactor fired up. Japan’s JT-60SA uses magnetic fields from superconducting coils to contain a blazingly hot cloud of ionized gas, or plasma, within a doughnut-shaped vacuum vessel, in hope of coaxing hydrogen nuclei to fuse and release energy. The four-story-high machine is designed to hold a plasma heated to 200 million degrees Celsius for about 100 seconds, far longer than previous large tokamaks.

Big things are happening at much larger scales, too. We’re one small step closer to commercial fusion.

Japan's JT-60SA, the world's largest fusion reactor, turned on last week. This machine can sustain a plasma heated to 200 million degrees Celsius for about 100 seconds, surpassing prior large tokamaks. The activation demonstrates the reactor's foundational functionality, though it will take another couple of years before the JT-60SA can sustain plasmas long enough for use in meaningful physics experiments.

That said, the success of and learnings from JT-60SA will bolster the progress of ITER, the world's largest and most advanced experimental tokamak reactor. The main goal of ITER is to demonstrate the feasibility of large scale fusion. While ITER is based in France, it’s one of the largest international scientific collaborations in history, with over 35 countries involved, including the US, China, and Russia.

Both ITER and JT-60SA have been slow — with such advanced, complex, and enormous machines, there are bound to be issues and delays — and we’re excited by the startups entering the Fusion Race to speed things up. But fusion is a great demonstration of the interplay between government, academia, and startups, across the world, working together to unlock abundant energy for all of humanity.

The more that reactors like JT-60SA push progress and knowledge forward, the faster others in the space can move, and the closer we get to generating power the same way the sun does.

(4) Regulating AI by Executive Order is the Real AI Risk

Steven Sinofsky for Hardcore Engineering

The President’s Executive Order on Artificial Intelligence is a premature and pessimistic political solution to unknown technical problems and a clear case of regulatory capture at a time when the world would be best served by optimism and innovation.

On Monday, The White House issued an Executive Order on the Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence. It’s still TBD how the EO will play out in practice, but it is clear that the Federal Government is paying more attention to AI and that tighter regulation will likely follow. What would be a win for the leading AI companies of today — whatever risk-mitigating regulation that flows from this EO will likely only go to further entrenched companies like Microsoft, Google, and OpenAI, and stifle innovation and ambition from current and future AI startups.

That’s the argument Ben Thompson makes in the most fiery Stratechery piece we’ve read in a long time: Attenuating Innovation:

The point is this: if you accept the premise that regulation locks in incumbents, then it sure is notable that the early AI winners seem the most invested in generating alarm in Washington, D.C. about AI. This despite the fact that their concern is apparently not sufficiently high to, you know, stop their work. No, they are the responsible ones, the ones who care enough to call for regulation; all the better if concerns about imagined harms kneecap inevitable competitors.

Steven Sinofsky, a former president of the Windows Division at Microsoft and current Board Partner at a16z, predicts a similar outcome in the essay linked above. The main point of Sinofsky’s essay is that this EO seems to be coming from a place of fear and pessimism — if you think that AI is going to destroy the world, you’d try to regulate it — rather than a place of optimism. Pessimism, in this case, will ultimately lead to regulatory capture and stifled innovation. Optimistic law making would promote research, competition, and experimentation to push U.S.-based companies to the frontier of A.I. and ensure the nation is at the cutting edge of this technological wave.

Optimism (and pessimism) shape reality. This is a prime example of that.

Once a regulation is in place, it’s incredibly hard to roll it back. Thankfully, this is just an Executive Order, but it should be a warning shot that we’re going to put rules in place now that could impact humanity for decades to come. It’s worth reading both Sinofsky and Thompson’s pieces to get up to speed and fight on the side of the optimists.

(5) Palmer Luckey - Inventing the Future of Defense

If I could boil it down to one principle. I know my Facebook About Page has said for over 10 years, making the world a different place. The point there is, obviously, I want the world to be better.

I don't want to make changes that are for the worst. But I'd say more than setting out to say, I want to make the world somewhat better. It's that I want to have a big impact on the world. And of course, I try to orient that in a way that I think is to positive ends, but I don't want to do something that doesn't matter.

Palmer Luckey - Inventing the Future of Defense - [Invest Like the Best, EP.350] Colossus | Investing & Business Podcasts Episode

Packy here. If there’s anybody who has hands-on experience actually putting AI in weapons systems, it’s Palmer Luckey, the founder of Oculus and Anduril. And Palmer thinks AGI, if we achieve it, will be more useful on defense than offense.

I am not scared of AGI the way that a lot of people are. I think that AGI is a technology where the benefits do accrue more to the defender than on the offensive side.

Obviously, people can pick examples here and there, "Aw, but here's this horrible thing that it could be used for." I still think the benefits actually accrue more to the defender…

In other words, if AGI is so good that it can come up with anthrax two and it's just an incredibly powerful thing, I would hope that AGI can also come up with a thing that immunizes people against it or that builds nanobots that are in our blood stream at all times that are able to, on the fly, compute exactly what they're going to do to stop any biological threat, natural or man-made. It's a case where the defensive uses like that are actually going to outweigh the offensive uses in the long run.

That’s just one of the many gems in Palmer’s conversation with Patrick O’Shaughnessy on Invest Like the Best.

In recent years, he’s used the podcast circuit to go scorched-earth on the investors, partners, and journalists that he believes mistreated him earlier in his career. You should go find those podcasts, like this appearance at the All-In Summit, because they are both entertaining and eye-opening as to how tech media operates. This conversation was much different.

In this one, Palmer describes his motivations for doing what we he does: to make the world a different place. He wants to make it better, certainly, but above all else, he wants to make a big impact. And to do that, he builds big companies.

Palmer Luckey is a singular character. Chances are, you won’t be able to listen to this podcast, download his wisdom, and go out and do what he does.

But it’s one of the best podcast conversations I’ve heard in a long time because it highlights the balance of ambition, innovation, and practicality that’s necessary to make big things happen. I’m not going to start the next Anduril, but listening to the conversation certainly made me think about what I am trying to accomplish with what I have.

I’m happy we have people like Palmer Luckey working on the side of the good guys.

That’s all for this week. We’ll be back in your inbox on Tuesday.

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Thanks for reading,

Dan + Packy