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For a long time, I resisted opining on crypto, even though I had a lot of early exposure to it. My roommate circa 2011~2012 was really into Bitcoin. He was so convinced that it was the next big that he set up ASICs, devices that were designed specifically to mine Bitcoin, in some San Jose schools’ storage cabinets thanks to a network of ethically flexible janitors. The whole thing felt off.

On one side was an admittedly enterprising guy who used to make six figured from his side jobs and on the other was a public school system (I think?) getting fleeced and a bunch of people with a lot to lose risking their jobs at a chance to make a quick buck, having bought into this whiz kid’s story.

But I think it worked? Maybe I was wrong.

And you know, maybe I’m just bitter that I never get in on this action! But I’m pretty sure that’s not the whole reason.

“It’s Just Math” they said

My curiosity started out pretty normal. Bitcoin I grokked pretty easily, and the math, so to say, checked out. I knew about practical cryptography and things like Merkle trees both from school and work. However, as the crypto conversation turned from running a wildly-expensive yet cleverly-designed distributed ledger to building a world computer that does everything On The Chain, something went off the rails.

There were genuine moments where I felt like I was in the middle of an elaborate performance act, or that I was the only not in on the joke. Everyone talked about things being decentralized, except everyone interacted with the “chain” more or less using the same couple services. The storage and processing capabilities seemed to be laughably impractical, even accounting for the possibility that it could eventually get faster. And most importantly, the user experience as doing even the simplest thing as fun as getting a root canal. Even though the money and content kept flowing, but nothing really came out on the other end. I shook my head, and largely moved on.

Years later as crypto became even more more stream, I started following it clost again. I even tried to invest a bit of my own money in the doomed-to-fail ConstitutionDAO since I couldn’t resist (being) a good troll. But the fees alone surpassed my trolling budget so I succumbed to bad jokes on Twitter. Luckily for everyone, Ken Griffin turned out to be a bigger (and richer) troll than I could ever imagine being and just bought the damn thing outright.

But, for the longest time, I’ve tampered my own skepticism of the crypto industry with a heavy dose of skepticism of my own understanding. While I considered myself technical enough to start a tech company, I thought maybe some of this stuff went over my head. I should have trusted myself more.

A Wild Post Appears

I’ve been meaning to write this post for a while. I even started a draft but just couldn’t finish it. Again, I was able to wrap my head around easily on the even the gnarliest of the “crypto” part of the cryptocurrencies (surprise: there’s not much!), but I still thought something, ANYTHING, must have been evading me. And admittedly having somewhat of an internet following, I also didn’t want to put a target on my back.

Besides, betting against billions of dollars seemed like a bad idea in itself. People who are raising billions in dollars to invest solely in crypto apps must have seen something I haven’t seen, I thought. I’ve been wrong before, and this must have been one of those times. I closed my draft tab, and went back to reading about the Theranos lawsuit instead.

And then, yesterday, much to my co-author Ranjan’s chagrin, who’s been begging me to finish this piece, Moxie Marlinspike, the founder of Signal and the architect of the end-to-end technology used in WhatsApp, finally came up with the post I wish I could have written. Finally, I felt a tiny bit vindicated.

The entire post is chock full of information and insights a lesser writer (ehem!) would have taken paragraphs to deliver. He approaches the entire field with the fresh-faced optimism of a kid who just got his first set of Legos but at same time is extremely thorough and systematic. He doesn’t just stop at building but instead follows the trail of evidence to see where things really lead.

The Inner Workings of Crypto

In short, Moxie’s overarching diagnosis is that the technological fundamentals of cryptocurrencies are at very much at odds with the applications people are trying to build on them. And since the skew between the reality (the constraints embedded in the technology choices) and the hype (Web3 applications such as NFTs and DeFi apps) is so large that people were forced to bridge that gap with giant hacks, all of which are decidedly centralizing in nature.

At their best, these hacks are what they are: onerous workarounds that are aesthetically unpleasant and operationally cumbersome, and maybe marginally wasteful. For example, since you can’t really store any meaningful amount of data on the blockchain, most NFTs are actually nothing but pointers, such as URLs to data stored on servers that a potentially untrustworthy third-party controls*.

This is objectively bad design:

When you think about it, OpenSea would actually be much “better” in the immediate sense if all the web3 parts were gone. It would be faster, cheaper for everyone, and easier to use. For example, to accept a bid on my NFT, I would have had to pay over $80-$150+ just in ethereum transaction fees. That puts an artificial floor on all bids, since otherwise you’d lose money by accepting a bid for less than the gas fees. Payment fees by credit card, which typically feel extortionary, look cheap compared to that. OpenSea could even publish a simple transparency log if people wanted a public record of transactions, offers, bids, etc to verify their accounting.

Overzealous adoption of a hot trending technology is nothing in new tech, if not a rite of passage for any young engineer. But the thirst by which people seemed to have built applications to ride the hype wave have blinded people to the extremely obvious shortcomings of the infrastructure.

This was surprising to me. So much work, energy, and time has gone into creating a trustless distributed consensus mechanism, but virtually all clients that wish to access it do so by simply trusting the outputs from these two companies without any further verification. It also doesn’t seem like the best privacy situation. Imagine if every time you interacted with a website in Chrome, your request first went to Google before being routed to the destination and back. That’s the situation with ethereum today. All write traffic is obviously already public on the blockchain, but these companies also have visibility into almost all read requests from almost all users in almost all dApps.

And it goes on and on.

If you you want to take anything from my piece, it should be that you should read Moxie’s piece instead.

Notably, Vitalik Buterin, the creator of Ethereum blockchain penned an equally calm response on a Reddit thread. He more or less acknowledges all of the criticism and argues that the “missing-middle” that bridges the gap between the current limitations of the technology and the apps is coming soon. While Vitalik is also a gifted writer, I’ve personally found his post much heavier on the jargon and somewhat dismissive of the larger points of Moxie’s post.

vitalik.eth @VitalikButerin

@moxie Responded! I think the status quo comes from a present-day "missing middle" where we have centralized-but-easy things and decentralized-but-hard things, but new tech (w lots of cryptography!) actually is on the cusp of giving us the best of both worlds. reddit.com/r/ethereum/com…

January 8th 2022

272 Retweets1,900 Likes

Are we the baddies?

As much as I dislike (read: resent) the primary political ideology that animates, and increasingly is funded by, the crypto space a little part of me rooted for them. Despite my misgivings on the tech, I did wonder what things could look like if we funded the internet with something other than chumboxes and various other adtech scum.

And as someone who competes for talent against world’s largest firms who enjoy monopoly margins and can practically hire people for hundreds of thousands of dollars to sit around all day (🔥🔥🔥), the idea of taking away even a part of their power had both an emotional and strategic appeal.

For a long time, I thought that the large sums venture money going into various crypto companies were barely veiled (or or not) Ponzi schemes. However, I’ve since changed my mind. It’s still in the eye of the beholder if many of the “Layer 2” style crypto companies that build their own “chains” are speculative vehicles where the goal is not to build a product, but instead to sell it to the next person for higher.

It’s Time to Invest

Yet, I am now convinced that most of the money going into Web3 is going for the “right” reasons: people are in it to make huge sums of money by not just speculating, but actually investing.

Here’s Moxie again:

People have made money through cryptocurrency speculation, those people are interested in spending that cryptocurrency in ways that support their investment while offering additional returns, and so that defines the setting for the market of transfer of wealth

Once you see what is going on for real in the crypto space, you realize it’s not that the extremely normal Twitter user and part-time venture capitalist Chris Dixon was being delirious in his seminal “Why Web3 Matters” thread. It was that he was being extremely evasive (or maybe ignorant) about why firms like his are now so interested in this space.

cdixon.eth @cdixon

Why Web 3 matters 🧵

September 26th 2021

9,559 Retweets30,719 Likes

These firms that have brought you Web 2.0** style centralization with all its benefits and downsides, are now looking for their next big hit. And while Big Tech has already grown to a democracy-defying size while making all their early investors richer beyond dreams, crypto promises a whole lot more; an ability to own and fully control entire economies. Who could (or should, as an investor) miss out on investing in new monopolies that are vertically integrated across the entire economies?

It’s probably not lost on people who have been investing in Coinbase that if you could own the on-ramp into the crypto ecosystem for the masses, that you can exploit all the advantages of being a, or even the, bottleneck as well as benefit from economies of scale over time. Of course while Coinbase can charge exorbitant transaction fees today on the retail side, they must know that music will stop with competitors coming in. It’s an existential necessity for them to expand into other parts of the crypto industry. They already announced its own NFT marketplace, and have a MetaMask competitor in the works as well.

On the flip side, OpenSea and their investors must understand a marketplace like their own is the textbook example of a winner-takes-all phenomenon and benefits greatly from network effects. It would in fact be very much in OpenSea’s interest to rip out the crypto parts of their business, both technically and strategically, both so that they can run their business more efficiently and actually make it harder for people to their works out of OpenSea. And how long do you think it’ll be before they go after some of Coinbase’s business?

For many companies in this space, such centralization efforts will seem benevolent as the crypto pie is still growing. But keep your eyes fixated on the future, not the past. They must all be seeing more competition in their future than their past. When that happens, expect even more centralization than there is today. When that happens, the crypto-folk might be left wondering why they let those who built today’s internet with all its problems, own the next one as well.

Final thoughts

Close friends know that I’ve long admired the positivity of the crypto field, with all their “gm”s and WAGMIs. I also enjoy the tinkerer’s mindset of the whole scene, with their relentlessness. The mere aesthetic of the scene that feels like a breath of fresh air compared to the mind-numbingly boring, tame af VR crap from Zuck & Co. There’s also something nice about the center of a new technology not being the Bay Area, let alone the United States for once.

I’m, however, still unsold on the promises, and am skeptical of the motivations of most people. I believe the “hitman for hire” problem people bring up with crypto is relatively straightforward to fix, but the mere human capital, both in terms of talent and conversation, that goes into the field annoys me personally. I also don’t know how to square the environmental impact with what little we have achieved with it so far, especially if you discount the self-trading.

I also worry the ironically opaque nature of the technology coupled with the lax regulatory approach will make the current speculative profits by the lucky insiders will make it an attractive choice for those who have been left behind by the more traditional markets.

I was wrong about my roommate and his grift before. Let’s hope I am wrong this time around too.

Felt

My new company is called Felt, and we want to be the best place on the internet to make maps. After raising a seed round, my co-founder Sam, who previously founded Remix, and I spent the last year building the kindest and most talented I’ve ever worked with. Our goal is to make Felt the best place to be if you are passionate about maps on the web. We are actively hiring for many roles, and especially looking for talented folks to join our front-end team to build something quite magical.

Check out our blog about how we think about technology, about prototyping and maps on the web. We are good people, I promise.

*: There are some even further workarounds to this workaround. The primary approach is using IPFS, which is reasonably decentralized. It’s worth noting that IPFS doesn’t use a blockchain, but is based on a content-addressable system similar to BitTorrent. Between 2012-2015, I worked at a company that was building something very similar.

And yes, the organization behind IPFS did create a cryptocurrency called Filecoin to incentivize IPFS adoption. The success of Filecoin remains dubious and like many other coins, its price is generally correlated to BTC.

**: I am not sure how we ended up re-defining Web 2.0 to mean “Facebook and Google style centralization” versus what it was initially supposed to be: an API based internet where you could freely exchange data between services programmatically. This retconning grates on me, but that’s an entire different rant.